Skip to main content
English Cymraeg
What works to prevent food fraud

Appendix 1: What works to prevent food fraud - references

References for the report on what works to prevent food fraud.

Last updated: 8 April 2024
See all updates
Last updated: 8 April 2024
See all updates


Afiah, N. N., Syatyakti, Y., Alfian, A., and Sueb, M. (2019). Fraud prevention capability and organizational culture: A case study of government agencies. Opcion, 35, 996–1011. (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Afrianto, I., Djatna, T., Arkeman Y., Hermadi I., and Sitanggang, I. (2020). Block chain technology architecture for supply chain traceability of fisheries products in Indonesia: Future challenge. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 15, 41-49. (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Alrobaish, W. S., Jacxsens, L., and Vlerick, P. (2022b). Quantitative study of food integrity climate in Belgian and Saudi Arabian food businesses in view of their organisational characteristics. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 57(7), 4254–4267. Available at https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.15749 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Alrobaish, W. S., Jacxsens, L., and Vlerick, P. (2023). Food integrity culture in food businesses in view of organizational and employees' demographic characteristics. NFS Journal, 30, 8-20. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nfs.2023.01.001 (Accessed: 6 February 2023).

Alrobaish, W. S., Jacxsens, L., Spagnoli, P., and Vlerick, P. (2021). Food integrity climate in food businesses: conceptualization, development, and validation of a self-assessment tool. Foods, 10(6), 1302. Available at https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10061302 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Alrobaish, W. S., Jacxsens, L., Spagnoli, P., and Vlerick, P. (2022a). Assessment of food integrity culture in food businesses through method triangulation. Food Control, 141, 109168. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109168 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Andreatta, D., and Favarin, S. (2020). Features of transnational illicit waste trafficking and crime prevention strategies to tackle it. Global Crime, 21(2), 130-153. Available at https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2020.1719837 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Anindya, J. R., and Adhariani, D. (2019). Fraud risk factors and tendency to commit fraud: analysis of employees’ perceptions. International Journal of Ethics and Systems, 5(4), 545-557. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJOES-03-2019-0057 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Arinik, N., Bortel, W. V., Boudoua, B., Busani, L., Decoupes, R., Interdonato, R., Kafando, R., van Kleef, E., Roche, M., Syed, M. A., and Teisseire, M. (2023). An annotated dataset for event-based surveillance of antimicrobial resistance. Data in Brief, 46, 2023, 108870. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2022.108870 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Aung, M., and Chang Y. (2014). Traceability in a food supply chain: Safety and quality perspectives. Food Control, 39, 172-184. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.11.007 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Baralla, G., Pinna, A., and Corrias, G. (2018). Ensure traceability in European food supply chain by using a blockchain system. IEEE/ACM 2nd International Workshop on Emerging Trends in Software Engineering for Blockchain (WETSEB), 40-47. Available at https://doi.org/10.1109/WETSEB.2019.00012 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Bauwens, A. (2010). The use of method triangulation in probation research. European Journal of Probation, 2(2), 39–52. Available at https://doi.org/10.1177/206622031000200204 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Behnkea, K., and Janssen, M. F. W. H. A. (2020). Boundary conditions for traceability in food supply chains using blockchain technology. International Journal of Information Management, 52, 101969. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.05.025 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Bell, T. B., Peecher, M. E., and Solomon, I. (2005). The 21st century public company audit: Conceptual elements of KPMG’s global audit methodology. KPMG LLP. (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Benöhr, I. (2020). The United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection: Legal Implications and New Frontiers. Journal of Consumer Policy, 43(1), 105-124. Available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s10603-019-09443-y (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Bouzembrak, Y., and Marvin, H. J. P. (2016). Prediction of food fraud type using data from. Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) and Bayesian network modelling. Food Control, 61, 180–187. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.09.026 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Bouzembrak, Y., Steen, B., Neslo, R., Linge, J., Mojtahed, V., and Marvin, H. J. P. (2018). Development of food fraud media monitoring system based on text mining. Food Control, 93, 283–296. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.06.003 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Braden, D. T. (2014). Food Fraud and Adulterated Ingredients: Background, Issues and Federal Action (Food Science and Technology), London: Nova Science Publishers.

BRC, British Retail Consortium (2018). Global food safety standard (issue 8) British Retail Consortium. (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Brooks, C., Parr L., Smith, J. M., Buchanan, D., Snioch, D., and Hebishy, E., (2021). A review of food fraud and food authenticity across the food supply chain, with an examination of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and Brexit on food industry. Food Control, 130, 108171. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108171 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Bryan, F. L. (1978). Factors that contribute to outbreaks of foodborne disease. Journal of Food Protection, 41(10), 816-827. Available at https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-41.10.816 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Bryan, F. L. (1988). Risks of practices, procedures and processes that lead to outbreaks of foodborne diseases. Journal of Food Protection, 51(8), 663-673. Available at https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-51.8.663 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Bryan, F. L. and World Health Organization (‎1992)‎. Hazard analysis critical control point evaluations: a guide to identifying hazards and assessing risks associated with food preparation and storage, World Health Organization.(Accessed: 2 October 2022).

BSI, British Standards institution (2017). PAS 96: 2017, Guide to protecting and defending food and drink from deliberate attack. (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Burke, J., Kieffer, C., Mottola, G., and Perez-Arce, F. (2022). Can educational interventions reduce susceptibility to financial fraud? Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 198, 250-266. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2022.03.028  (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Camossi, E., Dimitrova, T., and Tsois, A. (2012). Detecting anomalous maritime container itineraries for anti-fraud and supply chain security. 2012 European Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference, 76-83, Available at https://doi.org/10.1109/EISIC.2012.39 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Carugi, C. (2016). Experiences with systematic triangulation at the global environment facility. Evaluation and Program Planning, 55(1), 55–66. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2015.12.001 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

CEN, European Committee for Standardization (2019). CWA 17369: Authentic and fraud in the feed and food chain- Concepts, terms and definitions. CEN-CENELEC Management Centre. (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Chen, F., Wang, J., Jiang, C., Xiang, T., and Yang, Y. (2022). Blockchain based non-repudiable iot data trading: simpler, faster, and cheaper. IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, London, United Kingdom, 1958-1967. Available at https://doi.org/10.1109/INFOCOM48880.2022 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Chong, G. (2013). Detecting fraud: What are auditors’ responsibilities? Journal of Corporate Accounting Finance, 24(2), 47–53. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcaf.21829 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Cockburn, R., Newton, P. N., Agyarko, E. K., Akunyili, D., and White, N. J. (2005). The global threat of counterfeit drugs: Why industry and governments must communicate the dangers. PLoS Med 2(4), e100. Available at https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0020100 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

CODEX (2020). HACCP International-What you need to know. (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Cohen, L. E., and Felson, M. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach. American Sociological Review, 44(4), 588-608. Available at, https://doi.org/10.2307/2094589 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Cruse, C. (2019). Food fraud and the food, drug, and cosmetic act: Bridging a disconnect, Food and Drug Law Journal, 74(2), 322-347. (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Cruz, M. A., Katz, J., and Suarez, J. A. (2001). An assessment of ability of routine restaurant inspections to predict food-borne outbreaks in Miami-Dade County, Florida. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 821-823. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.91.5.821 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Dai, Y., and Handley-Schachler, M. (2015). A fundamental weakness in auditing: The need for a conspiracy theory. Procedia Economics and Finance, 28, 1-6. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)01074-6 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

DEFRA, United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (2014). Food Fraud – a policy perspective. (Accessed: 2 October, 2022).

Deisingh, A. K. (2005). Pharmaceutical counterfeiting. The Analyst, 130(3), 271–279. Available at https://doi.org/10.1039/b407759h (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

DeZoort, T.F., and Harrison, P.D. (2018). Understanding Auditors’ Sense of Responsibility for Detecting Fraud Within Organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 149(4), 857-874, Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3064-3 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Dianita, M., Hidayat, V. S., Salsabila, R. H., and Widyasari, R. (2021). The GCG’s effect implementation on prevention of fraud. Review of International Geographical Education, 11(5):2146-0353. (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

DuHadway, S., Carlos, M. and Ellram, L. (2022). Let the buyer beware: how network structure can enable (and prevent) supply chain fraud. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 42(2), 125-150. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJOPM-05-2021-0310 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

EC, European Commission, (2018). The EU food fraud network and the system for administrative assistance –food fraud (Accessed: 2 October, 2022).

El-Dahiyat, F., Fahelelbom, K., M., S., Jairoun, A., A., and Al-Hemyari, S. (2021). Combatting substandard and falsified medicines: public awareness and identification of counterfeit medications. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 754279. Available at https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.754279 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Elliott, C. (2014). Elliott Review into the Integrity and Assurance of Food Supply Networks – Final Report A National Food Crime Prevention Framework. Independent report. (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Ellis, R. A., Pardo, A., and Han, F. (2016). Quality in blended learning environments – Significant differences in how students approach learning collaborations. Computers and Education, 102, 90-102. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2016.07.006 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Fadlallah, S. M., Shehab, M., Cheaito, K., Saleh, M., El Hajj, R., Ghosn, N., Ammar, W., and Matar, G. M. (2017). Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella species from clinical specimens and food Items in Lebanon. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 11(1), 19-27. Available at https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.7786 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

FAO, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (2022). Artificial Intelligence for detecting food fraud – promoting Codex standards through AI. (Accessed: 2 October, 2022).

Farrand, B. (2019). “Alone we can do so little; together we can do so much”: the essential role of EU agencies in combatting the sale of counterfeit goods. European Security, 28(1), 22-39, Available at https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2019.1573816 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

FDF, Food and Drink Federation (2014). Food authenticity: five steps to help protect your business from food fraud, (Accessed: 2 October, 2022).

Feng, T. (2016). An agri-food supply chain traceability system for China based on RFID and blockchain technology. 13th International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management (ICSSSM), 1-6. Available at https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSSSM.2016.7538424 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Ferilli, F., Stancanelli, G., Linge, J. P., and Mannino, M. R. (2019). A new online resource to monitor new or emerging plant pests: MEDISYS media monitoring and the case of Xylella fastidiosa. Phytopathology, 109(2), 216-218, Available at https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-07-18-0241-A (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

FSA (2022). FSA launches new tool to help businesses assess food crime risks (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

FSSC 22000, Foundation Food Safety System Certification 22000 scheme version 5 (2019). (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

GAO, United States Government Accountability Office (2009). Sea food fraud: FDA program changes and better collaboration among key federal agencies could improve to the detection and prevention. GAO-09-258. (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

GFSI, Global Food Safety Initiative (2014). GFSI position on mitigating the public health risk of food fraud. (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

GFSI, Global Food Safety Initiative (2017). Process manual for the GFSI benchmarking process v7.2. (Accessed: 2 October, 2022).

GFSI, Global Food Safety Initiative (2019). (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Gould, L. H., Rosenblum, I, Nicholas, D., Phan, Q., and Jones, T. F. (2013). Contributing factors in restaurant-associated foodborne disease outbreaks, FoodNet Sites, 2006 and 2007. Journal of Food Protection, 76(11), 1824-1828. Available at https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-13-037 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Helo, P., and Hao, Y. (2019). Blockchains in operations and supply chains: A model and reference implementation. Computers and Industrial Engineering. 136, 242-251. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2019.07.023 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Hollands, T., Martindale, W., Swainson, M., and Keogh, J. G. (2018). Blockchain or bust for the food industry. Food Science and Technology, 32(4), 40-45. Available at https://doi.org/10.1002/fsat.3204_12.x (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Iredale, G. (2020). 6 Key Blockchain Features You Need to Know Now. 101 Blockchains. (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Irwin, K., Ballard, J., Gordon, J., and Kobayashi, J. (1989). Results of routine restaurant inspections can predict outbreaks of foodborne illness: The Seattle-King County experience. American Journal of Public Health, 79(5), 586-590. (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Islam, S., Manning, L., and Cullen, J. M. (2021). Visualising food traceability systems: A novel system architecture for mapping material and information flow. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 112, 708-719. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.04.020 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Islam, S., Manning, L., and Cullen, J. M. (2022). Systematic assessment of food traceability information loss: A case study of the Bangladesh export shrimp supply chain, Food Control, 142, 109257. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109257 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Jalil, F. Y. (2018). Internal control, anti-fraud awareness, and prevention of fraud, Etikonomi, 17(12), 297-306, Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/etk.v17i2.7473 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Jarrett, S., Wilmansyah, T., Bramanti, Y., Alitamsar, H., Alamsyah, D., Krishnamurthy, K. R., Yang, L., and Pagliusi, S. (2020). The role of manufacturers in the implementation of global traceability standards in the supply chain to combat vaccine counterfeiting and enhance safety monitoring. Vaccine, 38(52), 8318-8325, Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.11.011 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Jespersen, L., and Wallace, C. A. (2017). Triangulation and the importance of establishing valid methods for food safety culture evaluation. Food Research International, 100, 244-253. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.07.009 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Kaplan, O. B. (1978). On the effectiveness of restaurant inspection frequencies. American journal of Public Health, 68, 670-671. Available at https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/epdf/10.2105/AJPH.68.7.670 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Kleboth, J. A., Luning, P. A., and Fogliano, V. (2016). Risk-based integrity audits in the food chain–a framework for complex systems. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 56, 167-174. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2016.07.010  (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Kopinak, J. K. (1999). The use of triangulation in a study of refugee well-being. Quality and Quantity, 33(2), 169–183. Available at https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026447822732 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Kowalska, A. (2018). The study of the intersection between food fraud/adulteration and authenticity. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 66(5), 1275–1286 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Kowalska, A. and Manning, L. (2022) Considering fraud vulnerability associated with credence-based products such as organic food. Foods, 10(8), 1879. Available at https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10081879 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Lindley, J., Jorna, P., and Smith, R. G. (2011). Fraud against the Commonwealth 2009–10 annual report to government. Monitoring reports no. 18. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Lord, N., Spencer, J., Albanese, J., and Flores Elizondo, C. (2017). In pursuit of food system integrity: The situational prevention of food fraud enterprise. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 23(4), 483-501. Available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-017-9352-3 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Lotta, F., and Bogue, J. (2015). Defining food fraud in the modern supply chain. European Food and Feed Law Review, 10, 114-122.  (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Manning, L. (2019). Food defence: Refining the taxonomy of food defence threats. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 85, 107-115, Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2019.01.008 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Manning, L., and Kowalska, A. (2021). Considering fraud vulnerability associated with credence-based products such as organic food. Food, 10, 1879. Available at https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10081879 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Manning, L., and Soon, J. M. (2014). Developing systems to control food adulteration. Food Policy, 49(1), 23-32. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.06.005 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Manning, L., and Soon, J. M. (2016). Food safety, food fraud, and food defense: a fast-evolving literature. Journal of Food Science, 81 (4), R823–R834. Available at https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.13256 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Manning, L., and Soon, J. M. (2019). Food fraud vulnerability assessment: Reliable data sources and effective assessment approaches. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 91, 159–168. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2019.07.007 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Manning, L., Bieniek, M., Kowalska, A., and Ward, R. (2022). Dietary supplements, harm associated with synthetic adulterants and potential governance solutions. Crime, Law and Social Change, 78, 507–533. Available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-021-09992-9 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Manning, L., Smith, R., and Soon, J. M. (2016). Developing an organizational typology of criminals in the meat supply chain. Food Policy, 59, 44–54. Available at, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2015.12.003 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Mansor, N., Garba, I., and Ali, A. (2020). The mediating effect of internal audit committee on the relationship between firms financial audits and real earnings management. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 9(4), 1-7 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Margret, M. K., Julie, G. E., Robinson, H. Y., Vijayanandh. D., Vimal, S., Kadry, S., El-Sherbeeny, A. M., and El-Meligy, M. A. (2021). SmartPharma: Blockchain enabled Internet of Things for smart pharmaceutical traceability system. IETE Journal of Research, Available at https://doi.org/10.1080/03772063.2021.1994041 (Accessed: 2 October 2022)

Marriott, N.G., Schilling, M. W. and Gravani, R. B. (2018). Food contamination sources. In: Principles of Food Sanitation, Springer, Cham. pp. 83-91. Available at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67166-6_5 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Marvin, H. J., Hoenderdaal, W., Gavai, A. K., Mu, W., van den Bulk, L. M., Liu, N., Frasso, G., Ozen, N., Elliott, C., and Manning, L. (2022). Global media as an early warning tool for food fraud; an assessment of MedISys-FF. Food Control, 137, 108961. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108961 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Moyer, D. C., DeVries, J. W., and Spink, J. (2017). The economics of a food fraud incident – case studies and examples including melamine in wheat gluten. Food Control, 71, 358–364. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.07.015 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Nestlé (2016). Food fraud prevention, Nestec Ltd (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Pearson, A. R., Tsai, C. G., and Clayton, S. (2021). Ethics, morality, and the psychology of climate justice. Current opinion in psychology, 42, 36–42. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.03.001 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Petran, R. L., White, B. W., and Hedberg, C.W. (2012). Health department inspection criteria more likely to be associated with outbreak restaurants in Minnesota. Journal of Food Protection, 75(11), 2007-2015. Available at https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-12-148 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Prenzler, T., and Sarre, R. (2020). Community safety, crime prevention, and 21st century policing, In: Birch, P., Kennedy, M., and Kruger E. (eds) Australian Policing: Critical Issues in 21st Century Police Practice, Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003028918-21 (Accessed: 2 October 2022). 

Primastiwi, A., Kusuma, D., and Hanisah, W. (2021). Fraud prevention of government procurement of goods and services in local government. Akuntansi, 25(2): 256-275. Available at https://doi.org/10.24912/ja.v25i2.809 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Qian, J., Ruiz-Garcia, L., Fan, B., Robla Villalba, J. I., McCarthy, U., Zhang, B., Yu, Q., and Wu, W. (2020). Food traceability system from governmental, corporate, and consumer perspectives in the European Union and China: A comparative review. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 99, 402-412, Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.03.025 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Roberts, R. H. (1982) Continuing the evolution of food safety. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2, 77-83 Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-2300(82)90033-2 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Robson, K., Dean, M., Haughey, S., and Elliott, C. (2020). A comprehensive review of food fraud terminologies and food fraud mitigation guides. Food Control, 120, 107516. (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Rortais, A., Barrucci, F., Ercolano, V., Linge, J.P., Christodoulidou, A., Cravedi, J., Garcia-Matas, R., Saegerman, C., and Svečnjak, L. (2021). A topic model approach to identify and track emerging risks from beeswax adulteration in the media. Food Control, 119, 107435, Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107435 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Schmidt, A., Niehoff, M., and Briggs, D. (2022). The innovation dilemma of distributed ledger technology. (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Soon, J. M., and Manning, L. (2017). Whistleblowing as a countermeasure strategy against food crime.  British Food Journal, 119(12), 2630‐2652. Available at https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-01-2017-0001 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Spink, J., and Moyer, D.C. (2011). Defining the public health threat of food fraud, Journal of Food Science, 76(9), R157-163. Available at https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02417.x  (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Spink, J. W. (2019). Supply chain management (Part 1 of 2): Fundamentals. In Food Fraud Prevention. Springer: New York, NY. 

Spink, J., Bedard, B., Keogh, J., Moyer, D. C., Scimeca, J., and Vasan, A. (2019). International survey of food fraud and related terminology: Preliminary results and discussion. Journal of Food Science, 84(10), 2705-2718. Available at https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.14705 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Spink, J., Elliott, C.T., and Swoffer, K.P. (2013). Defining food fraud prevention to align food science and technology resources. Food Science and Technology, The Journal of the Institute of Food Science and Technology, 27(4), 39-42. 

Spink, J., Fortin, N. D., Moyer, D. C., Miao, H., and Wu, Y. (2016). Food fraud prevention: policy, strategy, and decision-making – implementation steps for government agency or industry. International Journal for Chemistry, 70(5), 320-328. Available at https://doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2016.320 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Spink, J., Hegarty, P. V., Fortin, N. D., Elliott, C. T., and Moyer, D. C. (2019). The application of public policy theory to the emerging food fraud risk: Next steps. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 85, 116-128. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2019.01.002 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Spink, J., Moyer, D. C., Park, H., Wu, Y., Fershte, V., Shao, B., Hong, M., Paek, S. Y., and Edelev, D. (2015). Introducing food fraud including translation and interpretation to Russian, Korean, and Chinese languages. Food Chemistry, 189, 102-107. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.106 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Spink, J., Ortega, D. L., Chen, C., and Wu, F. (2017). Food fraud prevention shifts the food risk focus to vulnerability. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 62, 215-220. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.02.012 (accessed: 2 October, 2022).

Suh, J. B., and Shim, H. S. (2020). The effect of ethical corporate culture on anti-fraud strategies in South Korean financial companies: Mediation of whistleblowing and a sectoral comparison approach in depository institutions. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 60, 100361. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2019.100361 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Tao, D., Yang, P., and Feng, H. (2020). Utilization of text mining as a big data analysis tool for food science and nutrition. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food safety, 19(2), 875–894. Available at https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12540  (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Tian, F. (2016). An agri-food supply chain traceability system for China based on RFID and blockchain technology. 2016 13th International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management (ICSSSM), 1-6.  Available at https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSSSM.2016.7538424 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

UNGCP (2016). United Nations guidelines for consumer protection. (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Van Ruth, S. M., and de Pagter‐de Witte, L. (2020). Integrity of organic foods and their suppliers: fraud vulnerability across chains. Foods 9(2), 188. Available at https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9020188 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Van Ruth, S. M., Huisman, W., and Luning, P. A. (2017). Food fraud vulnerability and its key factors. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 67, 70-75, Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.06.017 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Vaughan, D. (1996). The Challenger Launch Decision. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 

Vaughan, D. (1998). Rational choice, situated action, and the social control of organizations. Law and Society Review, 32(1), 23–61. Available at https://doi.org/10.2307/827748 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Vaughan, D. (2007). Beyond macro- and micro-levels of analysis, organizations and the cultural fix. In: Pontell, H. and Geis, G. (Eds.), International handbook of white-collar and corporate crime, 3–24. New York: Springer. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-34111-8_1 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Williams, P. (2001). Transnational criminal networks. Networks and netwars: the future of terror, crime, and militancy, 1382, p.61.

Wiśniewska, M., and Zamojska, A. (2015). Food Safety Culture Assessment Examplified by Two Companies. ŻYWNOŚĆ. Nauka. Technologia. Jakość, 2 (99), 197 – 207, Available at https://doi.org/10.15193/zntj/2015/99/033 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Wisniewski, A., and Buschulte, A. (2019). How to tackle food fraud in official food control authorities in Germany. Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, 14(4), 319-328. Available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00003-019-01228-2 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Wolfe, D. T., and Hermanson, D. R. (2004). The fraud diamond: considering the four elements of fraud. CPA Journal, 74.12 38-42. (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Yeasmin, S., and Rahman, K. F. (2012). ‘Triangulation’ research method as the tool of social science research. BUP Journal, 1(1), 154–163, (2), 198-213. (Accessed: 2 October 2022).

Yuva, J. R. (2017). Blockchain: next on food supply chain menu. Food Logistics, 192(1), 22-28.

Zhang, Q., Shao, J., Ren, Y., Li, X., and Lin, T. (2019). Why are older adults victims of fraud? Current knowledge and prospects regarding older adults' vulnerability to fraud. Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect, 31(3), 225–243. Available at https://doi.org/10.1080/08946566.2019.1625842 (Accessed: 2 October 2022).
 

Add to smarter communications search Off